Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic

IULI1957 C. Iulius (131) C. f. C. n. Fab. Caesar

Status

  • Patrician
  • Nobilis Expand

    Cic. Vat. 6.15, Cic. ap. Ascon. Tog. Cand. 83C, Vell. 2.41.1, Ascon. Tog. Cand. 83C, Lucan. BC. 10.386, Auson. XII Caes. Tetrasticha 2.9

Life Dates

  • 100, birth (Rüpke 2005)
  • 44, death - violent (Broughton MRR II) Expand

    Murdered.

Relationships

son of
C. Iulius (130) C. f. L. n. Caesar (pr.? 92) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Plin. n.h. VII 181, Plin. n.h. XXXIII 53

Aurelia (248) (married to C. Iulius (130) C. f. L. n. Caesar (pr.? 92)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Plut. Caes. 9.2, Suet. Caes. 26.1, Tac. dial. 28.5

brother of
? Iulia (545) (daughter of C. Iulius (130) C. f. L. n. Caesar (pr.? 92)) (DPRR Team)
Iulia (546) (daughter of C. Iulius (130) C. f. L. n. Caesar (pr.? 92)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Suet. Aug. 4.1, Suet. Aug. 8.1f.

betrothed to
Cossutia (7) (betrothed to C. Iulius (131) C. f. C. n. Fab. Caesar (cos. 59)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Vell. II 43.1

married to
1 Cornelia (413) (daughter of L. Cornelius (106) L. f. L. n. Cinna (cos. 87)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Suet. Caes. 1.1, Suet. Caes. 6.1

2 Pompeia (52) (daughter of Q. Pompeius (40) Rufus) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Plut. Caes. 9.2, Sen. ep. 97.2

3 Calpurnia (126) (daughter of L. Calpurnius (90) L. f. L. n. Men. Piso Caesoninus (cos. 58)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

App. b.c. III 22 (82, 86), App. b.c. III 23 (89), Cic. dom. 23, Cic. off. III 82, Cic. Pis. 90, Dio XL 63.2, Dio XL 63.3, Dio XL 63.4, Dio XLI 16.4, Dio XLI 5.2, Dio XLIII 12.3, Plut. Ant. 15.1, Plut. Pomp. 48.3, Suet. Caes. 1.2, Suet. Caes. 21, Suet. Caes. 83.1

divorced from
2 Pompeia (52) (daughter of Q. Pompeius (40) Rufus) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Att. I 13.3, Plut. Caes. 10.6, Suet. Caes. 6.2

father of
1 Iulia (547) (daughter of C. Iulius (131) C. f. C. n. Fab. Caesar (cos. 59)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Dio XLI 53.1, Dio XLI 57.4, Dio XLII 8.1, Dio XLIII 44.3, Dio XLIV 28.3, Dio XLIV 44.3, Dio XLV 1.1, Eutr. VI 21.3, Plut. Caes. 14.4(3), Plut. Cato min. 30.6, Plut. Cato min. 31.4, Plut. Pomp. 47.6(4), Plut. Pomp. 70.4, Sen. dial. VI cons. ad Marc. 14.3, Suet. Caes. 1.1, Suet. Caes. 21, Suet. Caes. 22.1, Val. Max. IV 6.4

adoptive father of
C. Iulius (132) C. f. C. n. Fab. Caesar Octavianus = C. Octavius C. f. Sca. Thurinus (or Caepias) (cos. suff. 43) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Phil. IV 4, Cic. Phil. X 16, Oros. VI 18.1, Plut. Ant. 11.1(2), Suet. Aug. 45.1

Career

  • Flamen Dialis 87 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • C. Iulius Caesar succeeded L. Cornelius Merula. Nominated in late 87, or before January 13, 86, while Marius was still alive, but never inaugurated (Vell. 2.43.1; cf. Suet. Iul. 1.2). See L. R. Taylor, CPh 36 (1941) 121. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Salius 85 to 44 (Rüpke 2005)
  • Flamen Dialis 84 to 81 (Rüpke 2005)
  • Legatus (Envoy) 81 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Sent by Minucius Thermus, governor of Asia (see Praetors), to King Nicomedes of Bithynia to aid in collecting a fleet (Suet. Iul. 2, cf. 22.2, and 49; Dio 43.20.3; Auct. Vir. Ill. 78.1). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Pontifex 73 to 63 (Rüpke 2005) Expand
    • C. Iulius Caesar succeeded C. Aurelius Cotta. Vell. 2.43.1. Caesar was elected in absence (Vell.). (Broughton MRR II)
    • The full list of the college of Pontifices, including the Flamen Martialis and the Flamen Quirinalis (no Flamen Dialis had been inaugurated since the death of Merula in 87) and the Pontifices Minores, as it was composed on September 29, 57, can be reconstructed from Cic. Har. Resp. 12: (Broughton MRR II)
  • Tribunus Militum 71 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • 5 On the date of Caesar's military tribunate, see Niccolini (FTP 251); and above, 73, Legates, on Caesar; and Pontifices, on Caesar and C. Cotta. See L. R. Taylor, CPh 36 (1941) 121, note 32. (Broughton MRR II)
    • Suet. Iul. 5; Plut. Caes. 5.1. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Quaestor 69 Hispania Ulterior (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • 7 It is generally assumed that Caesar held the quaestorship in 68 (D.-G. 3.135f.; Münzer, RE 10.189f.), but he was eligible for the office in 69. The legions levied for service in Cilicia which still remained in Cisalpine Gaul at the time of his return from Spain (Suet. IW. 8) almost certainly belonged to the forces of Marcius Rex, Cos. 68. Moreover, though he went to the province by spring or summer of his year he was able to return, ante tempus (Suet.), i.e., before his commander, in time to support the Gabinian law in early 67. He probably entered office Dec. 5, 70, went to his province in spring 69, and returned in the course of 68. The eulogies of his aunt and his wife would then precede his departure for Spain. See L. R. Taylor, CPh 36 (1941) 122f. (Broughton MRR II)
    • Served in Farther Spain under Antistius Vetus (Bell. Hisp. 42.1; Vell. 2.43.4; Suet. Iul. 6-8; Plut. Caes. 5.1-3, cf. 11.3, and 32.6, on his dream at Gades; Dio 37.52.2; 41.24.2). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 68 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Returned this year from his quaestorship in Farther Spain. See 69, Quaestors. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Aedilis Curulis 65 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Bibulus was overshadowed in office by Caesar (Suet. Iul. 10; Dio 37.8.2), whose magnificent games won him considerable popularity (Caes. BC 3.16.3; Sall. Cat. 49.3; Plin. NH 33.53; Suet. Iul. 9.2; 10; Plut. Caes. 6.1-3). He restored the trophies of Marius (Vell. 2.43.4; Suet. Iul. 11; Plut. Caes. 6.1-4), and supported the plan of Crassus to annex Egypt (Cic. Leg. Agr. 1.1; 2.41-44; Suet. Iul. 11). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Iudex Quaestionis 64 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • In charge of the Quaestio de sicariis. He began to entertain prosecutions against persons who had been rewarded for bringing in heads of the proscribed, but desisted when Catiline was brought before him (Suet. Iul. 11; Dio 37.10.2; cf. Ascon. 90-91 C). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Duovir Perduellionis 63 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Appointed by the Praetor under an antique procedure to try Rabirius for perduellio (Dio 37.27; see Tribunes of the Plebs, on Labienus). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Pontifex Maximus 63 to 44 (Rüpke 2005) Expand
    • 3 Dio places Caesar's election in 63, but is manifestly incorrect in dating it after the death of the conspirators (see Sall. Cat. 49). Mention of the Lex Domitia and of the procedure for the election of the Pontifex Maximus in the speech against the Law of Rullus (Lex Agr. 2.18-19) is no indication that Metellus' death and Caesar's election occurred early in the year, since the form of that election was probably not changed by the laws of Domitius or Sulla or Labienus (L.R. Taylor, CPh 37 [1942] 421-424). Metellus Pius is last mentioned directly in connection with the trial of Cornelius in 65 (Ascon. 60 and 79 C; Val. Max. 8.5.4). (Broughton MRR II)
    • C. Iulius Caesar succeeded. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius as pontifex maximus. CIL 12.2.789-ILS 71, cf. 70; Sall. Cat. 49.2; Vell. 2.43.3; Plin. NH 19.23; Suet. Iul. 13; 46; Plut. Caes. 7.1-3; Gell. 5.13.6; Dio 37.37.1-2, cf. 43.44.6; Lactant. Div. Inst. 1.6.7. as Pont.: Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (99) Cos. 52, Pr. 55 Cic. Dom. 123; Har. Resp. 12; Brut. 212; Suet. Tib. 4.1. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Praetor 62 urbanus? (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • While Praetor-elect he helped to reveal the conspiracy of Catiline, but when the conspirators were arrested tried to save their lives (Cic. Att. 12.21.1; Cat. 4.7-10; Sall. Cat. 49-51; Suet. Iul. 14, and 17; Plut. Cic. 20-21; Caes. 7- 8; Cat. Min. 22-24; Crass. 13.2-3; App. BC 2.6; Dio 37.36). As Praetor he attempted to rob Catulus of the credit for restoring the temple of Jupiter in the Capitol and give it to Pompey, and supported the bill of the Tribune Metellus Nepos to recall Pompey and place him in command against Catiline, but after passage of the Senatus Consultum Ultimum and his own suspension from office he made peace with his opponents (Cic. Att. 2.24.3; Sest. 62; Suet. Jul. 15-17; Plut. Cat.Min. 26-29; Dio 37.41, and44; cf. Cic.Fam. 5.1, and 2; Schol. Bob. 134 Stangl; see Tribunes of the Plebs, on Metellus Nepos and Cato). Clodius obtained sacrilegious entrance to the rites of the Bona Dea, which were celebrated at Caesar's house, and Caesar divorced his wife (Cic. Att. 1.13.3; Suet. Iul. 6.2, and 74.2; Plut. Caes. 9-10; Dio 37.45.2; Schol. Bob. 85 Stangl). He defended the Numidian prince Masintha against Hiempsal (Suet. Iul. 71). (Broughton MRR II)
    • p. 753, footnote 431 (Brennan 2000)
  • Promagistrate 61 Hispania Ulterior (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Governor, probably with the title Proconsul, in Farther Spain (Gic. Balb. 43, praetor,, Suet. Iul. 54.1, proconsul; Dio 44.41.1, #), where he carried on a war with the Callaeci and Lusitani, brought debt reforms to various cities, gave honors to Gades, and found the means to pay his own enormous debts (Cic. Balb. 43; Liv. Per. 103; Yell. 2.43.4; Suet. Iul. 18; 54.1; 71; Plut. Crass. 7; Caes. 11-12; App. Ib. 102; BC 2.8; Dio 37.52-53; 44.41.1; Obseq. 62; Auct. Vir. Ill. 78.4; Jerome Chr. ad ann. 60, p. 154 Helm; Zonar. 10.6). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 60 Hispania Ulterior (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Governor, probably Proconsul, in Farther Spain (see 61, Promagistrates). Returned before the consular elections and before the arrival of a successor, and waived his claim to a triumph in order to become a candidate for the consulship, then as Consul-Designate formed his combination with Pompey and Crassus (Cic. Att. 2.1.6-10, and 3.3; Liv. Per. 103; Vell. 2.44.1-2; Suet. Iul. 18-19; Plut. Caes. 12-14; pomp. 47; Crass. 14.1-3; Cat. Min. 31; Luc. 42.5-6; App. BC 2.8-9; Flor. 2.13.8-11; Dio 37.54-58; Zonar. 10.6). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Consul 59 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • CIL 12.2.753, 918, and cf., on Caesar, 754 ; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 131, 490f. (C. Iulius C. f. C. n. [-]); Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Caes. 14.1; Gell. 4.10.5; Dio 38, Index; Chr. 354 (Caesare et Vivulo); Fast. Hyd. (Decio Caesare et Bibolo); Chr. Pasc. (#u); Eutrop. 6.17.1; Oros. 6.7.1; Cassiod.; Schol. Bob. 135 Stangl. Bibulus, with the support of three Tribunes of the Plebs (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), opposed Caesar's agrarian law, but when proved powerless against the combination of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, retired to his house, and by announcements that he was watching for omens kept Caesar's legislation technically invalid (Cic. Att. 2.4-24, passim; Vat. 22; Har. Resp. 48; Dom. 39-40; Planc. 35; Pam. 1.9.7 and 12; 13.4.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 19-20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14; Cat. Min. 31-33; cf. Liv. Per. 103; Gell. 4.10.8; APP. BC 2.10-14; Dio 38.1-12; Eutrop. 6.17; Schol. Bob. 161f., 148f. Stangl). Caesar carried a Lex Iulia Agraria early in the year, Probably in January (Cic. Att. 2.3.3, and 16.2; Fam. 13.4.2; Suet. Iul. 20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14.2-3; Cat. Min. 31.4-32.6; App. BC 2.10-12; Dio 38.1.1-7.2), and in May added another to distribute the Campanian land to needy citizens with families (Cic. Att. 2.16.1, cf. 17.1, and 19.3; Fam. 1.9.7 and 12; QF 2.1.1, and 5.1, and 6.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 20.3; Plut. Cat. Min. 31.1, cf. Pomp. 47.3, and Caes. 14.1; App. BC 2.10; Dio 38.7.3; cf. Liv. Per. 103). He had the acts of Pompey in the East ratified in a single law (Bell. Alex. 68; cf. Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Vell. 2.44.2; Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Pomp. 48.3; Cat. Min. 31.1; App. BC 2.9; Dio 38.7.5), and satisfied Crassus by remitting one-third of the contracts to the tax farmers of Asia (Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Planc. 35; Val. Max. 2.10.7; Suet. Iul. 20; App. BC 2.13; Dio 38.7.4; Schol. Bob. 157 and 159 Stangl). In return for a huge sum he ratified the position of Ptolemy Auletes as king of Egypt (Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Rab. Post. 6; Caes. BC 3.107; Plin. NH. 33.136; Suet. Iul. 54.3; Dio 39.12.1). Besides minor measures such as the publication of the Acta of the Senate, with which he began his regime (Suet. Iul. 20.1), and his revival of the custom of being followed by his lictors in the months when he did not hold the fasces (Suet. Iul. 20. 1), he carried an important Lex de repetundis which regulated the procedures and demands of provincial governors more closely than before (Cic. Sest. 135; Vat. 29; Rab. Post. 8 and 12; Pis. 37 and 50 and 90; Dom. 23; Prov. Cons. 7; Fam. 2.17.2; 5.20.2; 8.8.3, Att. 5.10.2, and 16.21; Val. Max. 8.1.10; Tac. Ann. 14.28; Hist. 1.77; Plin. Epist. 2.11.3, and 19.8; 4.9.9; 6.29.9; Paul. Sent. 5.28, FIRA 2.413; Dig. 48.11; C. Th. 9.27; C. 9.27; 4.18.11.1; Schol. Bob. 140, and 149 Stangl). He received command of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum by the Vatinian law (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), and with Pompey's support the Senate decreed him Transalpine Gaul in addition (Suet. Iul. 22; cf. Cic. Att. 8.3.3). (Broughton MRR II)
    • 2 This inscription may refer to other years when Caesar held the consulship. (Broughton MRR II)
    • 3 For full discussion and citations of sources for the history and the legislation of Caesar's consulship in 59, see D. -G. 3.180-202, and Motz, in RE 10. 196-201, who is less detailed. See also T. Rice Holmes, Roman Republic 1.312-327; and for recent interpretations, Gelzer, Julius Caesar (3rd. ed., 1941) 83-114; L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar 132-137; and "On the Chronology of Caesar's First Consulship," MPh 62 (1951) 254-268. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 58 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in Transalpine Gaul, Cisalpine Gaul, and Illyricum (see 59, Tribunes of the Plebs, on Vatinius; Cic. P. Red. in Sen. 32; Dam. 22; Sest. 41; and many other references). During this year he destroyed the power of the migrating Helvetii and sent them back to their homes, then turned upon Ariovistus and drove his Germans out of Gaul (Caes. BG 1, passim; 5.29.3; Cic. Prov. Cons. 32-33; Liv. Per. 103-104; Strab. 4.3.3-4; Frontin. Str. 1.11.3; 2.1.16; 4.5.11; Plut. Caes. 15.1; 17.4; 18.1-20.2; App. Celt. 15-17; Flor. 1.45.2-3 and 9-13; Polyaen. 8.23.3-4; Dio 38.31-50; Oros. 6.7.3-10; cf. Tac. Hist. 4.73; Varro Atac. in GLK 2.497). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 57 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul of both Gallic provinces and Illyricum (see 59, Tribunes of the Plebs, Vatinius). The campaigns of 57 brought about the submission of the Gallic tribes almost to the coast of the English Channel, and offers of alliance from those of central Gaul (Caes. BG 2; 3.1-7; Cic. Prov. Cons. 32-34; Liv. Per. 104; Val. Max. 3.2.17; Vell. 2.46; Plin. NH 3.137; Suet. Iul. 25; Plut. Caes. 20; Flor. 1.45.4; Dio 39.1-5; Oros. 6,.7.11-16). He was honored with a supplicatio of fifteen days (Caes. BG 2.35.4; Cic. Prov. Cons. 25-26; Plut. Caes. 21.1; Dio 39.5. 1). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 56 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in the two Gallic provinces and Illyricum. By the agreement at Luca with Pompey and Crassus his command was to be prolonged (see 55, Consuls), and he received from the treasury pay for his additional legions, and the right to appoint ten Legates of his own choice (Cic. Prov. Cons., passim, esp. 28; Balb. 61; Fam. 1.1.10; Suet. Iul. 24; Plut. Crass. 14.4-6; Pomp. 51.2-4; Caeg. 21.2-3; Schol. Bern. on Lucan 5.345, p. 167 U; App. BC 2.17; cf. also Cic. QF 2.5.3, and 6.2; Att. 4.5, and 6.2; Fam. 1.9.8-21). Meantime his campaigns against the Veneti and other tribes on the Atlantic coast, and those of his Legates and other officers, particularly those of P. Crassus in Aquitania, practically completed the formal subjection of the tribes of Gaul (Caes. BG 3; Liv. Per. 104; Flor. 1.45.5-6; Dio 39.40-46; Oros. 6.8.6-22). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 55 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in the two Gallic provinces and Illyricum (see 59, Tribunes of the Plebs, Vatinius). In this year he crushed, after probably violating the rights of Legates, the Usipetes and the Tencteri, who had crossed the Rhine into northern Gaul, and bridging the river, made a demonstration in force on the German side (Caes. BG 4.1-19; Liv. Per. 105; Suet. Iul. 25; Plut. Caes. 22-23; Cat. Min. 51.1-4; Comp. Nic. et Crass. 4.3; App. Celt. 1.4, and 18; Flor. 1.45.14-15; Dio 39.47-50; Oros. 6.8.23-9.1; Jerome Chr. ad ann. 56, p. 155 Helm); then carried through his first expedition to Britain (Caes. BG 4.20-38; Liv. Per. 105; Strabo 4.5.2-3; Vell. 2.46.1; Val. Max. 3.2.23; (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 54 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in both Gallic provinces and Illyricum (see 55, Consuls, on the Lex Pompeia Licinia). In 54 he carried through his second expedition to Britain (Caes. BG 5.1-23; Cic. Att. 4.15.10, and 18.5; QF 2.13.1-2, and 15.4; 3.1.10 and 13 and 25; 3.3.1; Fam. 7.6.2; Strabo 4.5.2-3; Liv. Per. 105; Vell. 2.47.1-2; Senec. Dial. 6.14.3; Tac. Agr. 13; Suet. Iul. 25; Plut. Caes. 23.3-4, cf. 16.3-4; App. Celt. 1.5; 19; Flor. 1.45.18-19; Polyaen. 8.23.5; Dio 40.1-4; Eutrop. 6.17.3; Ruf. Fest. 6; Oros. 6.9.3-10. 1). During the autumn and early winter he had to subdue a serious rising in northern Gaul (Caes. BG 5.24-58; Cic. QF 3.8.2; Fam. 7.10.2; Liv. Per. 106; Plut. Caes. 24.1- 25.1; Pomp. 53; Suet. Iul. 25; App. Celt. 20; Flor. 1.45.7-8; Polyaen. 8.23.6 and 23; Dio 40.4.2-12.1; Oros. 6.10.1-13). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 53 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in the two Gallic provinces and Illyricum under the Lex Pompeia Licinia (see 55, Consuls). During 53 Caesar was occupied in crushing the revolt in northern Gaul, particularly among the Treviri and the Eburones, and made a second demonstration in force across the Rhine (Caes. BG 6; 8.24.4, and 25. 1; Liv. Per. 107; Flor. 1.45.14-15; 2.30.2; Dio 40.17.2, and 31.2-32.5; Oros. 6.10.12-21; cf. Cic. Fam. 7.13.2; and fr. in Charisius, GLK 1.126). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 52 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul in both Gallic Provinces and Illyricum under the Lex Pompeia Licinia (see 55, Consuls). He was fully engaged this year in suppressing the great Gallic revolt under Vercingetorix (Caes. BG 7; Liv. Per. 107-108; Plut. Caes. 25-27; Flor. 1.45.20-26; Dio 40.33-41; Oros. 6.11.1-11; cf. Diod. 4.19.2; Strabo 4.2.3; Vell. 2.47.1; Polyaen. 8.23.9-11). See Tribunes of the Plebs, on the law permitting him to be a candidate in absence. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 51 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul and Imperator in the two Gallic provinces and Illyricum under the Lex Pompeia Licinia (see 55, Consuls). In this year he completed his pacification of Gaul, after special action against the Bellovaci and (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 50 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul of both Gallic provinces and Illyricum under the Lex Pompeia Licinia (see 55, Consuls). The question of the succession and his right to become a candidate for the consulship in absence while retaining his province and an army became increasingly acute, and created a crisis at the end of the year (Hirt. in Caes. BG 8.48.10-55; Caes. BC 1.1-7; Cic. Att. 6.8.2, and 9.5; 7.1.3-4; 7.3-9, and 13a.2; 8.3, and 11; Tusc. 1.86; Cael. in Fam. 8.6.5, and 8.4-10, and 11.3, and 13.2, and 14.2-3; Liv. Per. 109; Vell. 2.48; Suet. Iul. 29-30; Plut. Pomp. 58-59; Caes. 20-30; Cic. 37; Cat. Min. 51.5; Ant. 5; App. BG 2.26-33; Flor. 2.13.15-18; Dio 40.59-66; Eutrop. 6.19.1-2; Auct. Vir. Ill. 77.8, cf. 78.5; Obseq. 65; Oros. 6.15.1-2). See 51, Consuls, Marcellus; 50, Consuls, Paullus and Marcellus, and Tribunes of the Plebs, Curio. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 49 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 132, 496f.; CIL 12 .2.778. He was named Dictator, after enabling legislation carried by the Praetor Lepidus, while still at Massilia (Caes. BC 2.21.5; Lucan 5.383; App. BC 2.48; Dio 41.36.1-2; 43. 1. 1; cf. plut. Caes. 37, by the Senate; Eutrop. 6.20. 1; Zonar. 10.8). Upon arrival in Rome, he carried through a program of debt relief (Caes. BC 3.1.2-3, and 20; Suet. Iul. 42.2; Plut. Caes. 37.1; App. BC 2.48; Dio 41.37-38; 42.22, and 51.1-2; and cf. on the tightness of money, Cic. Att. 7.18.4; 9.9.4; 10.11.2), restoration of exiles (except Milo) and sons of the proscribed (Caes. BC 3.1.3-5, through Praetors and Tribunes; Suet. Iul. 41; Plut. Caes. 37.1; cf. Sull. 31.4; App. BC 2.48; Dio 41.36.2; 42.24.2, on Milo; Zonar. 10.8; cf. Cic. Att. 9.14.2; 10.4.8, and 8.2-3; Phil. 2.55-56, and 98). He had already taken away lands and rights from Massilia (Dio 41.25.3; cf. Cic. Phil. 8.19; 13.32), and granted citizenship to Gades (Dio 41.24.1; cf. Caes. BC 2.20-21; Liv. Per. 110). He also carried through the Latin Festival, the arrangements for provincial administration, and the elections for 48, and abdicated after eleven days (Caes. BC 3.1-2, and 20; Plut. Caes. 37; App. BC 2.48; Dio 41.36-38; Zonar. 10.8). On the legality of Caesar's appointment, see Cic. Att. 9.9.3; and 15.2; Dio 41.36.1 and 4; Mommsen, Str. 23.126, note 2. See Praetors, on Roscius; and Tribunes of the Plebs, on Antonius. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Moneyer 49 to 44 (RRC) Expand
    • ref. 443 (RRC)
    • ref. 452 (RRC)
    • ref. 456 (RRC)
    • ref. 458 (RRC)
    • ref. 466-8 (RRC)
    • ref. 475-6 (RRC)
    • ref. 481-2 (RRC)
  • Promagistrate 49 Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, Illyricum (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Proconsul and Imperator (Cic. Att. 9.6A, and 11A, prescripts) in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum. At the beginning of this year when the Senate refused him the right to be a candidate in absence for the consulship of 48, and ordered him to surrender his provinces by a fixed day, he invaded and overran first Italy and then Spain, reducing Massilia in the interim, and returned to Italy to carry out a series of emergency reforms (see above, Dictator), and to prepare his attack on the Pompeian forces in Epirus (Caes. BC 1. 1-3.6; Cic. Att. 7.10-10.18, both passim; Liv. Per. 109, 110, fr. 32 W; Suet. Iul. 30-35; Lucan 1.1-5.460; Plut. Caes. 30-37; Pomp. 59-65; Cat. Min. 52-54; Cic. 37-38; App. BC 2.32-54; Flor. 2.13.17-36; Dio 41-44; Eutrop. 6.19-20; Oros. 6.15.1-9 and 18; for a full citation of sources, see D.-G. 3.374-432). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 48 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • He was named Dictator for a second time after the victory at Pharsalus, probably late in October (CIL 12.2.787-ILS 70; Cic. Phil. 2.62; Liv. Per. 112; Plut. Caes. 50.1; Ant. 8.3; Dio 42.20.3, and 21.1, and 35.5, and 55.4; Zonar. 10.10; cf. IGRP 4. 929; Joseph. AJ 14.190 and 192), for an entire year (Plut. Caes. 5 1. 1; Dio 42.20.3). See Degrassi 132f. (Broughton MRR II)
    • 1 The date is based on a calculation of the time necessary for news of the victory at Pharsalus to reach Rome and news of the action of Servilius in turn to reach Alexandria. In any case Antony was exercising the office of Master of Horse in December (Cic. Att. 11.7.2). Plutarch and Dio state that Caesar's dictatorship was annual, and Plutarch (Caes. 51.1) that he returned from the East at the close of his year, i. e. in September 47. As he was termed Dictator iterum in 46 (Grueber, CRRBM 2.576) and did not enter upon his third dictatorship until April of that year, Mommsen believed that his dictatorship, like that of Sulla, was of indefinite duration, and not rei gerendae; but rei publicae. constitutendae causa (CIL 12.1, 41). But some of his coins bear the inscription Cos. ter without mention of the dictatorship (Grueber CRRBM 1.525f.), hence there was probably an interval between the second and the third dictatorship, and the office itself was probably assumed rei gerendae rather than rei publicae constituendae coma (see Degrassi 132f., where earlier literature is summarized). This dictatorship is listed under 47 in Fast. Cap. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Consul 48 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • CIL 12.2.776, 937, and 938; Caes. BC 3.1.1; Cic. Phil. 14.23; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 132, 498f., cf. Fast. Ost., ibid. 180, 182; Vell. 2.53.2; Val. Max. 8.3.2; Plut. Caes. 37.1; Dio, Indexes to 41, and 42; 41.43.1; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd.; Ch7.. Pasc.; Cassiod.; and on Caesar, SIG³ 760; 1. de Delos 4.1.1587–Choix 166; Lucan 5.389-402; Grueber, CRRBM 2.559. In this year Caesar brought an army across the Adriatic, and after winter engagements, such as his attempt to besiege Pompey at Dyrrachium, won a decisive victory over Pompey at Pharsalus, then pursued him to Egypt, and toward the end of the year became embroiled in the dispute between Cleopatra and her brother for the Egyptian throne (Caes. BG 3; Auct. Bell. Alex. 1-25; Liv. Per. 110-112; Vell. 2.51-54; Lucan 5.403-10.546; Suet. Iul. 35; Plut. Caes. 37-49; Pomp. 65-80; Cic. 39.1-2; Flor. 2.13.35-63; Dio 41.43-42.40; Eutrop. 6.20-22; Oros. 6.15.10-34; Zonar. 10.8-10; and for a detailed citation of sources, see D.–G. 3.432-486). Servilius meantime in Italy (Dio 42.17.1) suppressed the illegal activities of Caelius Rufus (Caes. BC 3.21; Dio 42.22.1- 25.3; cf. Cic. Fam. 8.17; Quintil. Inst. Or. 6.3.25; see below, Praetors), and after receiving news of Caesar's victory at Pharsalus, named him Dictator for a second time (Dio 42.21.1; see below, Dictator). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Augur 47 to 44 (Rüpke 2005) Expand
    • Became an Augur, probably in 47 (Dio 42.51.3), and certainly before he assumed his third dictatorship in April, 46 (Grueber, CRRBM 2.576, Pont. Max., Aug., with symbols of both priesthoods; cf. Cic. Fam. 13.68.2). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 47 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • CIL 12.2.777, 778, 787; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 132, 498f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Pomp., ibid. 272; Dio 42, Index. In this year Caesar completed his campaign in Alexandria, recovered and began his reorganization of the East, including Asia Minor, returned to Italy in September, and after a short stay, during which he had to cope with mutinous soldiers, set out for Africa before the end of the year to deal with the Pompeian forces there (Bell. Alex. 19-33, and 41, and 65-78; Bell. Afr. 1-2; Cic. Att. 11.17a, and 18, and 20-25, passim; Fam. 14.23; Joseph. AJ 14.127-156; BJ 1.187-201; Suet. Iul. 35; Plut. Caes. 49-52; Cic. 39; App. BC 2.90-95; Dio 42.41-43, and 44-56; Oros. 6.16.1-3). While in Rome he made Antony, Dolabella, and others among his followers pay for their purchases of confiscated Pompeian properties (Cic. Phil. 2.71; 13.10-11; Plut. Ant. 10.1; App. BC 3.11; Dio 42.50.5). To meet the financial emergency, he made property values at the beginning of the war the basis for calculation of payments of debts, remitted interest from the beginning of the war, and released tenants in Rome from payments of rents up to 500 denarii per year, tenants in Italy up to 125 denarii per year (Dio 42.51.1-2; cf. Cic. Off. 2.83; Suet. Iul. 38.2). For a full citation of the sources, see D.-G. 3.486-511, and 519-522. On the duration of this dictatorship, see 48, note 1. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 46 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • After his success in the African campaign, Caesar was named Dictator, probably late in April, for a period of ten years (Dio 43.14.3), in succession, presumably for the third time for one year and designated for each of the next nine, and rei gerendae rather than rei publicae constituendae causa (see Degrassi 133; and note Bell. Hisp. 2.1, Caesar dictator tertio, designatus dictator quarto, and Grueber, CRRBM 2.576, Dict. iter., Cos. tert., and 1.357ff., Dict. ter., and the notice of his third dictatorship in Fast. Cap. for 45, Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.). He also received the cura morum (Dio 43.14.4; cf. Cic. Fam. 9.15.5, and 26.3; Att. 12.35; 13.6.1, and 7.1; Sall. Ad Caes. 1.5-8; Suet. Iul. 43). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Consul 46 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • CIL 12.2.940, 941; AJA 44 (1940) 358-Ann. Epig. 1947, no. 5; Bull. Com. 68 (1940) 200, no. 1; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 498f.; Fast. Ost., ibid. 180, 182f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Cupr., ibid. 244; Fast. Pomp., (Broughton MRR II)
  • Triumphator 46 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Triumph ex Gallia. MRR II.293, Itgenshorst no. 262, Rich no. 263. (Rich 2014)
  • Triumphator 46 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Triumph ex Aegypto. MRR II.293, Itgenshorst no. 263, Rich no. 264. (Rich 2014)
  • Triumphator 46 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Triumph ex Ponto de rege Pharnace. MRR II.293, Itgenshorst no. 264, Rich no. 265. (Rich 2014)
  • Triumphator 46 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Triumph ex Africa de rege Iuba. MRR II.293, Itgenshorst no. 265, Rich no. 266. (Rich 2014)
  • Triumphator 45 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Triumph ex Hispania. MRR II.305, Itgenshorst no. 266, Rich no. 267. (Rich 2014)
  • Consul 45 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Consul, without a colleague, until he abdicated about October 1 (Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Suet. Iul. 76; 80.3; Dio 43, Index; 43.33.1, on his election, and 46.2; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd. (Caesare IIII solo), so also Chr. Pasc.; Cassiod., with Fabius Maximus; on the date of abdication, see Suet. Iul. 76.2; 80.3; Dio 43.46.2). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 45 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Caesar's third dictatorship continued until April, 45, and was immediately followed by his fourth, which in turn continued until he became Dictator for life at some time between January 26 and February 15, 44 (Grueber, CRRBM 1.537-539, Dict. ter., in the term of the Prefect Plancus, and 542-544, Dict. quar.; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Bell. Hisp. 2, dictator tertio designatus dictator quarto; cf. IGRP 4.33b; CIL 12.2.788; Tac. Hist. 3.37; Dio 43, Index, and 14.4, Dictator for two successive years; and on the duration of the fourth dictatorship, see 44, Dictator, and esp. Degrassi 133f.). His Spanish campaign ended in a final victory at Munda over the Pompeian forces (Bell. Hisp.), and he was saluted as Imperator at Ategua (Bell. Hisp. 19.6; cf. Cic. Fam. 13.15, prescript, and cf. 16), a title which the Senate later decreed should be permanent (Dio 43.44.2; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.544f.). He celebrated a triumph for his victory in early October (Liv. Per. 116; Vell. 2.56.2; Suet. Iul. 37.1; Plin. NH 14.97; Quintil. Inst. Or. 6.3.61; Plut. Caes. 56.4; Flor. 2.13.88-89; Dio 43.42.1). He granted pardons very freely to his foes (Vell. 2.56.3; Plut. Caes. 57.2-3; Suet. Iul. 75.1; App. BC 2.107; Dio 43.49.1, and 50.1-2). Various measures, some of which may have been promulgated in 46, involved a large increase in the membership of the Senate (Cic. Fam. 6.18.1; Phil. 11.12; 13.27; Suet. Iul. 76.3; 80.2; Dio 43.47.3), additions to the numbers of the regular annual magistrates, fourteen Praetors in 45 and sixteen in 44, increase of the Aediles to six, through the creation of the Aediles Ceriales, and the election of forty Quaestors in 45 (Dio 43.47.2, and 49.1, and 51.3-4). He created new patrician families (Suet. Iul. 41.1), and extended the pomerium (Dio 43.50.1). He provided that citizens between the ages of twenty and forty must not remain outside of Italy more then three successive years (Suet. Iul. 42. 1), and no son of a senator unless he served on an administrative staff (ibid.). He revived customs dues in Italy (Suet. Iul. 43.1), and provided that grazers must employ freemen up to at least one-third of their herdsmen (Suet. Iul. 42.2). Special honors upon his return from Spain included the right to wear the triumphal garb and the laurel wreath on all occasions, to enter the city on horse from the Latin Festival, the title Imperator for life and for his heirs, and the title of Liberator ' a golden chair, and statues on the Rostra adorned with the corona civica and the corona obsidionalis, as well as statues in the temples (see esp. Dio 43.43-45; for a fun citation of sources, see D.-G. 3.593-598). On the year 45, see D.-G. 3.570-604. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Dictator 44 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Caesar was still Dictator for the fourth time at the beginning of the year, but he became Dictator Perpetuus at some time after January 26, when he celebrated an ovatio as Dictator IIII, and February 15 (Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f.; Fast. Colot., ibid. 273f., 275; Act. Tr., ibid. 86f., 567, January 26; Joseph. AJ 14.211, with the titles, #; Dio 43, Index, with the numeral #; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.540, Dic. Quar., Cos. Quinc., and 542. Dictator Perpetuus: Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f., supplied; Fast. Amit., ibid. 170f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Cic. Phili 2.87, before the Lupercalia; Liv. Per. 116; Joseph. AJ 14.211; App. BC 2.106; Dio 44.8.4; Zonar. 10.11; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.545-551). The excessive honors, including deification (see esp. Cic. Phil. 2.110; 13.41; Dio 44.6.4), which were paid to Caesar in the last months of his life included a prefectship of public morals for life (Suet. Iul. 76.1; Dio 44.5.3; Zonar. 10.12), provision that magistrates should swear to uphold the validity of his acts (App. BC 2.106), an oath, taken by all the senators, to protect his person (Suet. Iul. 84.2; 86.1; App. BC 2.124, and 145), the title Parens Patriae (Cic. Phil. 13.23; Dio 44.4.4; see Grueber, CRRBM 1.549, 552), the naming of the month of July in his honor (see above, on Antony), provision that his son should be Pontifex Maximus (Liv. Per. 116; App. BC 2.106; Dio 44.5.3), the right to a gilded chair and triumphal robe and a laurel crown on public occasions (Cic. Div. 1.119; Nic. Dam. Vit. Aug. 21, FGrH 2A.405; Val. Max. 1.6.13; Plin. NH 11.186; Suet. Iul. 76.1; Plut. Caes. 61.3; Ant. 12.1; App. BC 2.106; Flor. 2.13.91; Dio 44.4.2, and 6.1, and 11.2, and 17.3, and 49.4; 45.6.5), a temple to his Clemency (Dio 44.6.4; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.549). He was actually deified with Antony as his Flamen (see above). He was murdered by the conspirators on the Ides of March, just before his intended departure for a. campaign against the Parthians. On his honors, see esp. L. R. Taylor, Divinity of the Roman Emperor 58-77; on his acts in 44, D.-G. 3.604-656; RE, cols. 250-257; T. Rice Holmes, Roman Republic 3.330- 344, and 567. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Triumphator 44 (Rich 2014) Expand
    • Ovation in Monte Albano. MRR II.317, Itgenshorst no. 269, Rich no. 270. (Rich 2014)
  • Dictator Perpetuus 44 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Caesar was still Dictator for the fourth time at the beginning of the year, but he became Dictator Perpetuus at some time after January 26, when he celebrated an ovatio as Dictator IIII, and February 15 (Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f.; Fast. Colot., ibid. 273f., 275; Act. Tr., ibid. 86f., 567, January 26; Joseph. AJ 14.211, with the titles, #; Dio 43, Index, with the numeral #; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.540, Dic. Quar., Cos. Quinc., and 542. Dictator Perpetuus: Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f., supplied; Fast. Amit., ibid. 170f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Cic. Phili 2.87, before the Lupercalia; Liv. Per. 116; Joseph. AJ 14.211; App. BC 2.106; Dio 44.8.4; Zonar. 10.11; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.545-551). The excessive honors, including deification (see esp. Cic. Phil. 2.110; 13.41; Dio 44.6.4), which were paid to Caesar in the last months of his life included a prefectship of public morals for life (Suet. Iul. 76.1; Dio 44.5.3; Zonar. 10.12), provision that magistrates should swear to uphold the validity of his acts (App. BC 2.106), an oath, taken by all the senators, to protect his person (Suet. Iul. 84.2; 86.1; App. BC 2.124, and 145), the title Parens Patriae (Cic. Phil. 13.23; Dio 44.4.4; see Grueber, CRRBM 1.549, 552), the naming of the month of July in his honor (see above, on Antony), provision that his son should be Pontifex Maximus (Liv. Per. 116; App. BC 2.106; Dio 44.5.3), the right to a gilded chair and triumphal robe and a laurel crown on public occasions (Cic. Div. 1.119; Nic. Dam. Vit. Aug. 21, FGrH 2A.405; Val. Max. 1.6.13; Plin. NH 11.186; Suet. Iul. 76.1; Plut. Caes. 61.3; Ant. 12.1; App. BC 2.106; Flor. 2.13.91; Dio 44.4.2, and 6.1, and 11.2, and 17.3, and 49.4; 45.6.5), a temple to his Clemency (Dio 44.6.4; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.549). He was actually deified with Antony as his Flamen (see above). He was murdered by the conspirators on the Ides of March, just before his intended departure for a. campaign against the Parthians. On his honors, see esp. L. R. Taylor, Divinity of the Roman Emperor 58-77; on his acts in 44, D.-G. 3.604-656; RE, cols. 250-257; T. Rice Holmes, Roman Republic 3.330- 344, and 567. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Consul 44 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f.; Fast. Ost., ibid. 181, 182f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 273f., 275; Joseph. AJ 14.211; Censorin. DN 22.16; Dio 43, Index, and 49.1; 44, Index; Obseq. 67; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc., but with the number #; Cassiod.; Zonar. 10. 11; and on coins, Dic. Quar., Cos. Quinc. , Grueber, CRRBM 1.540. See below, Dictator, Pontifex, Augur. (Broughton MRR II)

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