IUNI2459 M. Iunius (53) M. f. Brutus = Q. Servilius Caepio Brutus

Status

  • Patrician
  • Nobilis Expand

    Cic. Phil. 2.44.113, 11.11.27, 13.11.26, Cic. De Orat. 2.55.225, Cic. Brut. 14.53, 16.62, Cic. Tusc. 4.1.2 (nobilitas founded by L. Brutus), Porc. Latro ap. Sen. Controv. 10.1.8, Lucan. BC 7.580-587, Porphyr. Hor. Odes 1.14

Life Dates

  • 85, birth (Broughton MRR II)
  • 43, proscribed (Hinard 1985) Expand

    Hinard 43 no. 26

  • 42, death - violent (Broughton MRR II) Expand

    Suicide after Second B. of Philippi.

Relationships

great nephew of
M. Livius (17) C. f. M. n. Drusus (cos. 112) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 222

son of
Servilia (101) (daughter of Q. Servilius (50) Caepio (pr. before 90)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

App. b.c. II 112 (468), Asc. Scaur. 19C, Auct. vir. ill. 82.1, Cic. fin. III 6f., Cic. Phil. II 26, Cic. Tusc. V 4, Nep. Att. 11.4, Plut. Brut. 1.3, Plut. Brut. 2.1, Plut. Brut. 53.3, Plut. Brut. 5.1, Plut. Caes. 62.1, Suet. Caes. 50.1f.

M. Iunius (52) Brutus (tr. pl. 83) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

App. b.c. II 111 (464), Cic. Brut. 222, Cic. off. II 50, Cic. Phil. II 26, Cic. Phil. X 14, Plut. Brut. 1.1, Plut. Brut. 4.1, Plut. Pomp. 16.5, Plut. Pomp. 64.3

adopted son of
Q. Servilius (40-42) Caepio (q.? 67) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

App. Ill. 13 (39), Auct. de praen. 2, Dio XLI 63.6

nephew of
M. Porcius (16) M. f. M. n. Pap.? Cato (Uticensis) (pr. 54) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 119, Cic. Orat. 41, Cic. Tusc. V 4

brother of
Iunia (206) Tertia (daughter of? D. Iunius (163) M. f. Silanus (cos. 62)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Att. XIV 20.2, Cic. fam. XVI 22.1, Dio XLIV 14.2, Plut. Brut. 7.1, Tac. ann. III 76

Iunia (192) (daughter of? D. Iunius (162) L. f. Silanus (monetal. 91)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Ad Brut. 2.2.1

Iunia (193) (daughter of? D. Iunius (163) M. f. Silanus (cos. 62)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. ad Brut. II 2.1, Cic. Att. VI 1.25, Cic. Att. XIV 8.1, Cic. fam. XII 2.2, Dio XLIV 34.7

married to
1 Claudia (389) (daughter of Ap. Claudius (297) Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher (cos. 79)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 267, Cic. Brut. 324, Cic. fam. III 4.2

2 Porcia (28) (daughter of M. Porcius (16) M. f. M. n. Pap.? Cato (Uticensis) (pr. 54)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Phil. X 8, Dio XLIII 49.2, Dio XLIV 13.4, Plut. Brut. 13.2, Plut. Brut. 15.1, Plut. Brut. 15.3, Plut. Brut. 2.1, Plut. Brut. 53.4, Plut. Caes. 62.1, Plut. Cato min. 73.4(3), Val. Max. III 2.15

divorced from
1 Claudia (389) (daughter of Ap. Claudius (297) Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher (cos. 79)) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Att. XIII 9.2

related to
D. Iunius (55a, Supb. 5.369) D. f. D. n. Brutus Albinus (cos. desig. 43) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Plut. Brut. 28.1

C. Servilius (32) Ahala (mag. eq. 439) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 222 (Drusus)

Q. Hortensius (13) L. f. Hortalus (cos. 69) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 222 (Drusus)

L. Iunius (46a, Supb. 5.356ff.) M. f. Brutus (cos. 509) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Brut. 222 (Drusus)

Ser. Sulpicius (96) Lem. Rufus (sen. 43) (Zmeskal 2009) Expand

Cic. Att. V 21.14, Cic. Att. V 4.1, Cic. Att. VI 1.10, Cic. fam. XI 24.2

Career

  • Pontifex? 55 to 51 (Rüpke 2005)
  • Monetalis 54 Cilicia (RRC) Expand
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
    • ref. 433 (RRC)
  • Quaestor? 54 (Broughton MRR III) Expand
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Pontifex? 54 (Rüpke 2005)
  • Proquaestor? 53 (Broughton MRR III) Expand
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Quaestor? 53 Cilicia (Broughton MRR III) Expand
    • Refused to serve under Caesar in Gaul, and accompanied his father-in-law Appius Claudius Pulcher to Cilicia (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4). (Broughton MRR II)
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Proquaestor 52 Cilicia (Broughton MRR III) Expand
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Proquaestor 51 Cilicia (Broughton MRR III) Expand
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Pontifex 50 to 42 (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • A colleague of Metellus Scipio (Cic. Brut. 211-212), he must have attained the priesthood by or before this year (see Cic. Ad Brut. 1.5.3, and 15.8; Grueber, CRRBM 2.472f., 479). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Legatus (Lieutenant) 49 Cilicia (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • A Legate under Sestius in Cilicia (Plut. Brut. 4.2). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Legatus Pro Praetore ? 46 Gallia Cisalpina (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Probably a Legatus pro praetore (see above, Promagistrates). He governed Cisalpine Gaul. through 46, and until the spring of 45 (Cic. Fam. 6.6.10; 13.10-14; Brut. 171; Att. 12.27.3, March 23, 45; Plut. Brut. 61.6-7; App. BC 2.111; Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.5, proconsul; cf. Cic. Orat. 34; Suet. Rhet. 6; Plut. Comp. Dio and Brut. 5). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Promagistrate 46 Gallia Cisalpina (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Caesar placed him in command of Cisalpine Gaul (see below, Legates). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Legatus Pro Praetore ? 45 Gallia Cisalpina (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • See 46, Legates. He continued to govern Cisalpine Gaul until spring, 45 (Cic. Att. 12.27.3), when Pansa succeeded him. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Praetor 44 urbanus, Italia, Macedonia, Rome, (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Cic. Fam. 7.21; Phil. 10.7; Att. 15.12.1, and 18.2; 16.1.1, and 2.3, and 4.1; Vell. 2.58.1; Plut. Caes. 57.3; 62.2; Brut. 7; 14.4-5; App. BC 2.112; 4.57; Dio 44.12.3, and 15.4; 47.20.2 confused with Cassius; Zonar. 10.11; see above, on Cassius, and cf. Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.5. He became the leader of the conspirators against Caesar (see above, on Cassius), shared in the amnesty of March 18 and the agreements then ratified with Antony, but was compelled by the feeling of the populace and the rise of Antony's power to leave Rome in early April (Cic. Ait. 14.5.1, and 7.1; Phil. 10.7-8; Plut. Brut. 18-20; Caes. 67-68; Cic. 42; Ant. 14-15; App. BC 2.148; 3.2; Dio 47.20; Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.6). He remained for some months in Italy, first in Latium and later in Campania, leaving to C. Antonius his duties as Praetor Urbanus (see above, on C. Antonius), and collected a fleet, as he had been assigned to the curatorship of the grain supply in Asia by the Senate on June 5 (Cic. Att. 14.4.1, and 5.1, and 10.1; 15.4.2, and 9.1 Asia, and 11.1-2, and 12.1, and 20.2; 16.2.4, and 3.6; Fam. 11.1; see below. Special Commissions). He was later, perhaps on August 1, assigned the province of Crete pro consule (Cic. Phil. 2.97; 11.27; cf. Plut. Brut. 19,3; App. BC 3.8, and 12, and 16, and 35; 4.57; and Flor. 2.17.4, both authors with the mistaken assertion that Caesar had assigned Syria to Cassius and Macedonia to Brutus; Dio 45.32.4; 46.23.3; 47.2 1. 1). He left Italy in late August (Cic. Att. 16.7, at Velia on August 17; Phil. 1.8-10; 10.8; Ad Brut. 1. 10.4, and 15.5), proceeded to Athens and moved on Macedonia toward the end of the yeaT, probably upon Pansa left Rome about March 19, intending to join Hirtius in Cisalpine Gaul, but Antony's attempt to surprise him led first to a defeat for Pansa's army of recruits, and then to a serious reverse at Forum Gallorum for Antony himself at the hands of Hirtius and Octavian (Cic. Fam. 10.30, and 33.3-4; Ad Brut. 1.3a; Phil. 14.26-27 and 36-37; Liv. Per. 119; Frontin. Str. 2.5.39; Suet. Aug. 10.3; Plut. Cic. 45.3; Ant. 17.1; App. BC 3.66-70; Dio 46.37.4-7; Oros. 6.18.3-4; Zonar. 10. 14; cf. Flor. 2.15; and on the date of the battle, Fer. Cum., ILS 108; Ovid Fast. 4.625-628). All three commanders were acclaimed Imperatores, and in Rome the Senate voted a supplicatio, and a memorial to the fallen (Cic. Phil. 14.6 and 11-12 and 22-29 and 36-38; Ovid Fast. 4.675-676; Dio 46.38.1-2; cf. Fer. Cum., ILS 108, on Caesar). In a second battle at Mutina on April 21 Hirtius and Octavian again defeated Antony, who raised the siege of Mutina and retreated hastily to the west, but Hirtius fell in the battle, and Pansa died shortly afterwards (April 23) of wounds received at Forum Gallorum (Cic. Fam. 10.17.2, and 33.4; 11.9.1, and 10.2, and 13.1; 12.25a; Ad Brut. 1.2.2, and 3a, and 4. 1; Ad Caes. Iun. fr. 22 Tyrrell and Purser; Liv. Per. 119; Res Gest. D. Aug. 1; Ovid Trist. 4.10.6; Tibull. 3.5.18; Vell. 2.61.4; hearing of the provincial allotments on November 28, having first found many recruits among the young Romans studying at Athens, and secured considerable financial aid from M. Appuleius the returning Quaestor of Asia (Cic. Phil. 10.9, and 23-24, and 26; 11.27; 13.32; Ad Brut. 1.7.2; 2.3.6; Vell. 2.62.3; Plut. Brut. 24-25; Cic. 4.5.1; Suet. Vit. Horat., and Horat. Sat. 1.6.48; Epp. 2.2.46-50; App. BC 3.24 and 63; 4.75; Dio 47.21.2-5; cf. Nic. Dam. Vit. Caes. 28, FGrH 2A.414): and C. Antistius Vetus of Syria (Cic. Ad Brut. 2.3.5; 1.11.2; Vell. 2.62.3; cf. Dio 47.27.2). (Broughton MRR II)
  • Proconsul 44 Crete (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • See above, Praetors. Like Cassius (see above) he was assigned an eastern province, in his case Crete, as Proconsul, to justify his absence from Rome (Cic. Phil. 2.97; 11.27; Plut. Brut. 19.3; App. BC 3.8, 12, 16, 35; 4.57; Dio 47.21.1, cf. 45.32.4; 46.23.3; cf. 2.17.4). See T. Rice Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire 196; and above, Praetors. (Broughton MRR II)
  • Proconsul 43 Macedonia, Achaea, Illyricum, Asia (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • Upon receipt in Rome of news of Brutus' capture of Macedonia and Illyricum and his siege of C. Antonius (see above) his command was legitimized by the Senate as Proconsul in Macedonia, Achaea and Illyricum on Cicero's motion and over the protests of Fufius Calenus (Cic. Phil. 10, passim, esp. 25-26; 13.30; Ad Brut. 2.4.4, and 5.2; App. BC 3.79; 4.58; Dio 46.40.3; 47.22; cf. Cic. Fam. 12.4.2). Later he probably received a maius imperium, extending into Asia too, since he operated there (see below), and Hortensius in Macedonia was subject to his command (Vell. 2.62.2; App. BC 3.63-64; Plut. Brut. 27; see above, on Hortensius, and C. Antonius). He kept C. Antonius for a time in honorable captivity (see above) while protesting violently against honors for Octavian (Cic. Ad Brut. 1.4A.3, and 12, and 15.6-8, and 16, and 17), and after Mutina against the confiscation of Lepidus' property (Cic. Ad Brut. 1.13, and 12, and 15.10-13, and 18.6). In the spring he moved eastward intending to campaign against Dolabella, and disregarded appeals to return to aid the situation in Italy (Cic. Ad Brut. 1.2A.1, and 2.1-2, and 5.1-2, and 6.3; and on the appeals, 1.9.3, and 10.1, and 14.2, and 15.12, and 18). Brutus continued to gather supplies and troops in the East, was saluted as Imperator for victories in Thrace, and at the end of the year moved back to Asia to meet Cassius at Smyrna (Cic. Ad Brut. 1. 15.12, and 18; Liv. Per. 122; Plut. Brut. 28; App. BC 4.75; Dio 47.22-25; and note coins, Grueber, CRRBM 2.471-473, Procos., and 475-477, Imp.). (Broughton MRR II)
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
  • Moneyer 43 (RRC) Expand
    • ref. 500-508 (RRC)
  • Proconsul 42 Macedonia (Broughton MRR II) Expand
    • 1 The use of the terms Legate and Proconsul under the Second Triumvirate is of necessity attended by uncertainty and confusion. Commanders, like Ventidius Bassus, who were for the most part ex-Consuls, held command over large and important areas and armies, and apparently acted with considerable initiative, are termed Legati in Latin sources such as the Periochae of Livy and Florus and # in Dio (Liv. Per. 127, 128; Flor. 2.19; Dio 48.41.5; cf. 49.21, and Act. Tr. for 38, on the title and triumph of Ventidius), and yet many of them appear in the lists of triumphs as Proconsuls. In mentioning the triumph of Domitius Calvinus, Dio (48.42.3-4) remarks that those in power granted honors at will # (see also 49.42.3; 54.12.1-2). Mommsen finds the beginning of this contradiction in Caesar's grant of triumphs at the end of 45 to his Legates Fabius Maximus and Q. Pedius (see 45, Promagistrates). Like these, the later commanders were Legates also under the superior imperium of the Triumviri, and their appearance as Proconsuls depended upon a fictive grant of imperium for the day of their triumph (Str. 1.125, 130f.; 2.245, note 1). The term Proconsul cannot refer to their status in command since a Legate never had more than an imperium pro praetore. The term Legatus pro consule does not occur, and indeed cannot occur because it is intrinsically self-contradictory (ibid. 1.130f.). Moreover it was simply this permission to triumph that made it logically possible for some of these Legates to accept acclamation as Imperator (see, on Sosius, Mommsen Str. 1.125). Mommsen's doctrine is difficult to test because in nearly all cases no official inscriptions remain from the period of command, and several of the commands are known only from the record of the triumph (see 34-32, Promagistrates, on Norbanus Flaccus, Statilius Taurus, Marcius Philippus, Olaudius Pulcher, and L. Cornificius). The term Legatus in Livy and Florus is strongly in his favor, since Die might have been affected by the regular system of Legati pro praetore in the Empire. However, as Canter saw (46-55), the situation was more complicated. The illogicality of a subordinate with an imperium pro consule occurs under Antony on the official coinage in Greece of M. lunius Silanus, who terms himself Quaestor pro consule (see 34, Promagistrates; note that in the Empire Pliny could be given the exceptional position of Legatus pro praetore consulari potestate), and raises the question how many commanders senior to Silanus may not also have held an imperium pro consule under the superior imperium of the Triumviri. Moreover, Sosius (Cos. 32) apparently termed himself Imperator on his coinage from 37 B. C. (see 37, Promagistrates), on a rather distant anticipation of the moment of a fictive grant of imperium pro consule for a day in 34; and there were others, like Laronius (see 33, Consules Suffecti), who took the title Imperator and did not triumph at all. The period of the Second Triumvirate was a period of transition in which irregularities and illogicalities could frequently occur in the government of the Roman Empire, before the Augustan regime rebuilt the pattern anew. I have therefore been inclined to keep the question open; and to list among the Promagistrates the holders of important commands under Octavian and Antony who received acclamation as Imperatores or celebrated triumphs. It must be granted that the superior position of the Triumvirs in this period made the difference between the functions of a Promagistrate and of a Legate much less than it had been before. See Ganter 46-55. (Broughton MRR II)
    • Proconsul in Macedonia, probably with a maius imperium there and elsewhere in the East (see 43, Promagistrates). He moved into Asia early in 42, meeting Cassius at Smyrna, and then proceeded to subdue the Lycians, all the while collecting men, money, and supplies. He rejoined Cassius at Sardis (where both were acclaimed Imperatores, Plut. Brut. 34.1; Grueber, CRRBM 2.475-480), and moved to Macedonia to meet the forces of Antony and Octavian at Philippi, and there committed suicide after his defeat in the second battle on October 23 (Liv. Per. 122-124; Vell. 2.69-72; Plut. Brut. 28-53; Ant. 22; Caes. 69; App. BC 4.65, and 76-81, and 87-114, and 117-135; Flor. 2.17; Dio 47.32-49; Eutrop. 7.3; Oros. 6.18.13-16; Zonar. 10.18-20; cf. Horace Sat. 1.7; Val. Max. 5.1.11; 6.4.5; Plin. NH 33.39; Joseph. AJ 14.301; BJ 1.242; Frontin. Str. 4.2.1; Obseq. 70; Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.6; 83.6; cf. on the decree of Ephesus, Joseph. AJ 14.263; and on his collections, see also the Greek letters of Brutus in Hercher, Epistol. Gr. 177-191, dated, if genuine, partly in 43 and partly in 42; of these nos. 1,25 and 69 are quoted in Plut. Brut. 2; on the date of Philippi, see Ann. Epig. 1922, no. 96). (Broughton MRR II)
    • Pr. 44. On his name and his adoption by Q. Servilius Caepio in or before 59, see J. Geiger, Anc. Society 4, 1973, 148-150; Shackleton Bailey, Studies 129-131; and on the form of his name on Greek inscriptions of Athens, Oropos, and Delos see A. E. Raubitschek, Atti III. Congresso Internaz. gr. a lat. epig. 15-21. Monetalis. See MRR 2.442, with dates from 60 to 58, but dated by Crawford to 54 (RRC 1.455, no. 433). Quaestor, 54 or 53. Born in 85 (Cic. Brut. 229, 324, retaining with Malcovati's edition the mss reading decem; Sumner, Orators 134, note 5, and Phoenix 25, 1971, 365-366), rather late in the year (Plut. Brut. 24; App. BC 4.134; Val. Max. 1.5.7, on his birthday), he was eligible for the quaestorship of 54. Our only evidence (Auct. Vir. Ill. 82.3-4) admits either year. He refused to go to Gaul under Caesar, and went to Cilicia with his fatherin-law, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Cos. 54. As the elections for 53 did not take place until July of that year, and Appius was eager to depart for his province (Cic. Att. 4.18.4), Brutus was more probably the quaestor with him in 54, and continued as proquaestor in 53 to 51 (MRR 2.229 for 53; see also Syme, History in Ovid 201, note 3). Proconsul and imperator, 43 and 42. In MRR 2.346f. and 361 on his coinage, refer also to Crawford, RRC 1.514-518, nos. 501-508, 43-42 B.C. (Broughton MRR III)
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